As we’re sure you know, when the engine in your car is running, it generates heat. Some of this heat gets diverted to the passenger compartment as part of the heating system, but most of it needs to be dissipated by other means. That’s where your car’s coolant comes in.
An engine with enough coolant will be able to regulate its temperature effectively, but an engine lacking in coolant will struggle to do so. You might be able to drive for a few days with low coolant without experiencing any issues, but the longer you go without enough coolant, the higher the risk becomes that something will break.
Today, we’ll be going over everything you need to know about your engine’s cooling system, including how it works, what the signs of low coolant are, and what can cause low coolant levels to happen in the first place.
How Does My Engine’s Cooling System Work?
First, let’s talk briefly about how your engine’s cooling system works. It’s not too complicated, but it’s worth explaining just in case you don’t know.
Your engine’s cooling system consists of a few key components, which include:
- The radiator
- The water pump
- The radiator fan
- The thermostat
The way these components work together is pretty simple. The water pump circulates the coolant through the system, which consists of a series of tubes and channels that run around and through the engine block.
When coolant passes through the engine, it absorbs the heat given off by the engine. The heated coolant then travels to the radiator, where the heat is removed and the coolant is circulated back into the engine. The radiator fan keeps air moving over the radiator to dissipate heat, and the thermostat ensures that the coolant is always at the right temperature.
Signs That Your Coolant Is Low
It’s all well and good to know what coolant is supposed to do, but it’s arguably a lot more important to know when the coolant in your engine isn’t doing what it’s supposed to do. There are several signs of low coolant that you should keep an eye out for if you want to catch this problem before it becomes too serious:
High Reading On Temperature Gauge
Every car has an engine temperature gauge to tell you how hot the engine is running. In most cases, when the engine is at its optimal operating temperature, you’ll see that the needle on the gauge is more or less right in the center between the H and C symbols.
If your engine is running too hot, you’ll likely see that the reading on the temperature gauge is a lot higher than it normally would be. If this happens while you’re driving, you can solve this problem temporarily by turning your car off and popping the hood open to let the engine cool off.
A/C System Is Not Working
Your car’s heating system uses the heat generated from the engine to heat up the air inside the car, and the coolant helps keep the temperature of the air somewhat regulated. If your coolant system stops working, you might find that the air being blown into your cabin is a lot hotter than it’s supposed to be.
Sweet Smell
Despite the fact that it’s very much toxic to drink, coolant actually has a sweet, fairly pleasant smell. If your engine has a coolant leak, you’ll likely be able to smell it before you see it.
If you do suspect that your engine has a coolant leak, you should also take a look under your car to see if any coolant has puddled there. Depending on what kind of car you have, the color of your coolant could be green, orange, yellow, turquoise, blue, pink, or purple.
Worse Fuel Economy
For fuel to burn as efficiently as possible in an engine, that engine needs to be at the right temperature. If the engine is running too hot, however, you might notice that your fuel economy is starting to slip a little bit after driving for a while.
Causes of a Coolant Leak
The coolant in your engine exists entirely in a closed system, so if your car has low coolant levels, it means that there’s almost certainly a coolant leak somewhere within the system. Some of the potential causes of a coolant leak include:
- A leaky radiator or radiator hose
- A leaky radiator cap
- A cracked head gasket
If you’ve determined that your car has a coolant leak, your first step should be finding out where exactly the leak is so you can seal it. Otherwise, you’ll face the same problem the next time you fill your car up with coolant.
What Happens If You Drive Too Long Without Coolant?
We’ve gone over how long you can drive with low coolant and what the symptoms of low coolant levels are, but what about what actually happens if you drive for too long with little to no coolant? Obviously, the engine will get too hot, but what are the actual consequences of this?
If you’re lucky, your engine will simply shut off. Some cars, particularly modern ones, come with a safety feature that automatically shuts the engine off if it detects that there’s not enough coolant. This can protect your engine from severe damage, although it’s obviously not very convenient to have your car shut itself off when you’re in the middle of driving.
If you’re unlucky, however, driving for too long without enough coolant in your system can cause severe damage to several of your engine’s components. For example, driving without coolant can cause your head gasket to blow, or cause the pistons to weld themselves to the cylinders.
In short, driving for too long without coolant is a sure-fire way to cause expensive and possibly even irreparable damage to your engine. If you want to avoid a massive repair bill or even totalling your car outright, it’s always best to address the issue of low coolant as soon as you can.